‘Our findings contain several important messages for clinicians. Model of ADHD as a disorder of brain maturation delayĭisorder of brain maturation: rather new view on etiology of ADHD most pronounced effects in childhood + delayed peaks of subcortical volume maturation: volume differences clustered in children & no differences at group level were reported in emotional regulation problems often present in patients with ADHD, but these diseaseĬharacteristics have not (yet) been included into the official DSM criteria High levels of callous (=hardened), unemotional traits) Recognition of emotional stimuli, diminished emotional reactions to pleasant stimuli, and largest effect in amygdala: also in ADHD to emotional regulation problems (difficulties in ![]() replication earlier findings for reduced caudate and putamen volumes Participants with ADHD than in healthy controls study newly identified amygdala, accumbens, & hippocampus volumes to be smaller in Healthy individuals (worldwide collaboration 23 cohort studies n=3242 1713 participants largest study to date of brain volume differences between participants with ADHD and Nacc part of striatum (accumbens) – largest differences in children: new Measures in more or less same way + statistics in same way pool the data in big data pool Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with ADHD in children & adults: cross-sectional mega -analysisĭutch research team, in collaboration with other international teams big consortium, so large 23ĭifferent cohorts, >1000 subjects => mega-analysis Problem meta-analysis: differences between studies in experimental design Results: cerebellum, corpus callosum, (right) caudate, frontal regions large differences Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings - 10 years ago ![]() BUT most imaging studies underpowered (less than 20 subjects in group statistics harder,Ĭan cause to show up differences that are not real).Corpus callosum (less communication hemispheres).Cerebellum & caudate nucleus (motor hyperactivity).Prefrontal cortex (less inhibitory control, more impulsive).Which brain structures could be impaired in people with ADHD?.Boys also tend to be more physicallyĪggressive, while girls tend to be more verbally aggressive. Symptoms include inattentiveness and low self-esteem. Girls with ADHD, on the other hand, typically show internalized symptoms. Research has shown that boys with ADHD usually show externalized symptoms, such as running and Symptoms persist into adulthood 30-50% grows out (also without treatment) Rather, this change reflects clinical experience and real-world practice, where adults with ADHD often experience it in a slightly different way than teens and children do. 2-5% children age 6-16 (more prevalent in children) While much ado has been made about this last change, it seems unlikely there was this large population of adults who had sub-clinical ADHD who failed to receive a diagnosis and treatment. ![]() For an adult diagnosis to be made, the patient only needs to meet five symptoms - instead of six required for younger persons - in either of the two major domains: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity
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